Essay about Getting to know a few Differential Private...

1.2. Differential Privacy to the rescue. Privacy is a major problem these days. Cheaper memory has led to immense amount of data continuously being accumulated in various databases across the world, from universities, companies to patient records, content and link graphs of social net-works, mobility traces in cellular networks, book and movie ratings, etc.—and there are many socially valuable uses to which it can potentially be put. But, as Netflix and others have discovered, even when data collectors try to protect the privacy of their customers by releasing anonymized or aggregated data, this data often reveals much more than intended, especially when it is combined with other data sources. This calls for the need to immediately†¦show more content†¦Such a method is highly applicative for a wide variety of applications, be it Netflix or Twitter data to be analyzed by a Data Scientist. An adversarial querier could not, for instance, obtain an accurate answer to the query â€Å"Has John followed Mark?† because the cost of such a query would exceed any reasonable privacy budget. Even though everything seems fine till now, the adversary can still attack the user’s data. This is because we have assumed that all that the adversary can notice is the output of the query. However, the adversary can also notice the time taken for the system to reply to the query. Such observations can be exploited to mount a covert-channel attack. To continue with our earlier example, the adversary might run a query that always re-turns zero as its result but that takes one hour to complete if John Doe follows Mark and less than a second otherwise. Both Airavat and PINQ would consider such a system to be secure since the output is differentially private. However, the adversary can still learn with perfect certainty whether John follows Mark—a blatant violation of differential privacy. Fortunately, the user’s access to the database only via queries leads to channels like power consumption [9] and electromagnetic radiation [5, 8] being ruled out, henceforth, leaving the adversary with just two channels: the privacy budget and the query completion time. TheseShow MoreRelatedEssay on Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and Reimbursement1324 Words   |  6 Pagesconsolidate, and take some measures. I would like to discuss some issues and steps APNs must take regarding reimbursement as followed. First, why do APNs not receive equal reimbursement? The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission examined the payment differentials between the clinicians and physicians. Since the nature of billing codes is imprecise, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services was not able to distinguish the different categories of clinicians who provide similar services. They have thisRead MoreThe best teaching aid is a piece of chalk1458 Words   |  6 Pagesis likely to cause bafflement to teachers. â€Å"What else?† would be their common response. Today, however, teaching aids abound. From a simple letter set painstakingly cut out by a devoted teacher, through electronic projection equipment, DVD sound systems, televisions and computers, to the latest interactive whiteboard, they introduce a wealth of variety and differing impact to today’s classroom. Any discussion of this statement will therefore be remiss if I do not introduce and examine some availableRead MoreThe Ethical Codes Of Healthcare Professions1797 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to Stephen Resnick, exploitation can be defined as â€Å"Taking unfair or unjust advantage of another person for one’s benefit or advantage without compensation or benefit to that other person.† Pre-existing unequal relationships and power differential often instigate the likelihood of exploitation. †¢ For instance, on March 9th, 2012, Rebecca Lean Smith, 39, returned to El Dorado County from her Louisiana home and negotiated a plea with California s attorney general over her role leading upRead MoreOffer a Critique of What John Rawls Meant by ‘Fair Equality of Opportunity’2169 Words   |  9 Pagesis when justice is being done and equality prevails. There are two principles outlined by Rawls in ‘justice of fairness’ which are: First Principle: Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all. Second Principle: (a) To the greatest benefit of the least advantaged, ... and (b) Attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.† (CallinicosRead MoreOperations management as a source of competitive advantage2803 Words   |  12 Pagesthe same market on cost, quality, speed, dependability and flexibility. Superior performance within an organisation can be achieved by gaining a competitive advantage. The essence of competitive advantage can be interpreted as the asymmetry or differential among firms along any comparable dimension that allows one firm to compete better than its rivals.(1) It is argued that quality is the most important of all competitive weapons, attention to quality within an organisation means improved performanceRead MoreWhat Do We Know About Audit Quality?13880 Words   |  56 PagesThe British Accounting Review 36 (2004) 345–368 www.elsevier.com/locate/bar What do we know about audit quality?* Jere R. Francis* University of Missouri—Columbia, 432 Cornell Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Abstract This paper reviews empirical research over the past 25 years, mainly from the United States, in order to assess what we currently know about audit quality with respect to publicly listed companies. The evidence indicates that outright auditRead MoreStandardized Testing Should Not Be Applied For College2033 Words   |  9 Pagest matter. Put some time into getting ready because they will have an impact on the admissions decision†! With looking at standardized test score colleges can not see how well rounded the student is so they must look at other aspects. Another major area that is critical to college applications is an individual’s grade point average (G.P.A.). A G.P.A. is number representing an average of the accumulated grades an individual acquires over time. A G.P.A let’s colleges know that the student was or wasRead MoreEssay on Hidden Holidays3562 Words   |  15 Pages 1. Introduction Hidden Holidays is a small travel company providing holidays villas in Florence and throughout Tuscany, Italy. The company is based in London but has a pan-European network of ten agents who match private holiday holiday accommodation with tourists throughout Europe. These agents are often former, holiday makers to the region. They work from home and contact the office in London via telephone and fax machine messages. Hidden Holidays does not makeRead MoreWhite Collar Crime: The Effects and Punishments5087 Words   |  21 Pagesterm at the fourth annual meeting of the Sociological Association. At this meeting he explained who this type of criminal is and what the criminal does for a living. Sutherland developed a theory to try and fit this type of criminal. The theory is differential association. There are four different pieces of evidence to understand the theory. White collar crime ranges from Embezzlement to Mortgage Fraud. This paper will explain several incidents which are inv olved with white collar crime and how it hurtsRead MoreEssay about The Dangers of Social Media Correlating to Privacy3105 Words   |  13 PagesPrivacy Privacy is â€Å"the state of being free from intrusion or disturbance in one’s private life or affairs†, stated by Dictionary.com. Now if we look at this definition more closely, we could see that the subject should have control over their belongings. This definition states that the person is free from disturbance from others in their space or belongings. I don’t see how this could be true for the online networking system, because once you put something online, in the internet space, it is in a space

The Biggest Myth About Prejudice Against Females Essay Samples Exposed

The Biggest Myth About Prejudice Against Females Essay Samples Exposed What Does Prejudice Against Females Essay Samples Mean? Although women are highly educated the pay gap has ever been high between the women and men. As seen from the aforementioned, there's evidence that people's mind-set doesn't change easily. Prejudice is understood to be the unjustified negative attitudes that some individuals hold against others of a specific group of individuals. In many cases, people that have a prejudice against another group will go out of their way to generate life harder for those people. 1 fact that everybody can agree on, no matter where they live on the planet, is that folks are different. White folks cannot dance. Sometimes it's hard for folks to observe these stereotypes unless pointing them out by talking to family and friends. People today become tired of being criticized all of the moment. In this manner, Austen demonstrates that attitudes to marriage can be quite different. A behavioural prejudice essay could tell people that there might be some prejudices which might not be acted out and hence it's regarded as an attitude. We frequently find prejudice and discrimination go together. The quick conversation can't decrease the prejudice. It isn't hard to find that with are actions and sayings we are attempting to kill emotions and thoughts! In Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen shows the reader that the very first impression isn't always correct, in reality, it's deceptive. This feeling might result in a reaction that could incorporate prejudice and discrimination. Frequently, there's evidence an individual's prejudice isn't right, but they ignore it. Women are often still the topic of bigotry and hate just because of their gender. Men can also suffer from discrimination. They are already afraid to have a look at a beautiful woman it could be judged as sexual harassment. Men should not suffer in silence once it comes to sexism. The standard roles and duties, which the females are expected to perform is also reason for the high amount of domination from they must face away from their husbands. If she's not able to fulfil her responsibilities due to her pregnancy she is believed to be a disabled worker by her s ubordinates. Daniels claimed he was harassed by fellow employees due to his race. It's considered an offence equal to racial discrimination, and a few countries adopt very harsh punishments for people who are charged with these kinds of difficulties. It's possible to find this goal, if only 3 conditions are satisfied. Although the majority of the world have moved past gender discrimination, but there continue to be countries practicing gender discrimination, and it's not one or two, but large enough to make an effect on the world in general. Racial Discrimination This sort of discrimination is directed at individuals or groups due to their race or ethnicity. The Battle Over Prejudice Against Females Essay Samples and How to Win It Men and women are available in all sizes, shapes, and colours. Stereotypes can be negative or positive, but they're rarely communicating accurate info about other folks. Education is regarded as the best technique for self-improvement and financial independence. Prejudice against Females Essay Samples Ideas Institutional discrim ination happens during one-on-one encounters once a person goes about his day-to-day life. Considering all the differences on earth rather than embracing those differences and learning from different men and women, prejudices are commonplace. By applying the eyes of a youngster, the racial prejudice that's represented inside this novel is not as provocative and toned down to match the innocence of a youngster's mind. Citations and extracts from several sources have to be formatted properly. Provide citations for all of the sources you use. Having stood the test of many epochs, the novel is still one of the very best in the world literature. This isn't an instance of the work generated by our Essay Writing Service. Life, Death, and Prejudice Against Females Essay Samples She clearly understood the value of a financial situation, but it isn't the main point for her. In addition, by emphasising these jail terms, he's invited the audience to realize that there'll be a slow tr ansition to justice in Mississippi. There are lots of reasons for which paying a female worker under a male worker is thought to be a discriminatory practice from a moral viewpoint. In this instance, Mr Collins. Among the panelists with racist ideologies is an illustration of prejudicial victimization. In earlier times gender discrimination proved to be a frequent occurrence across the world. The racism is broken up into few types. Scientific racism insists that all folks may be characterized by certain bodily traits. What You Need to Do About Prejudice Against Females Essay Samples Beginning in the Next 15 Minutes In the last few decades, the issue related to gender discrimination has gotten very severe. In this instance, tolerance wasn't used and innocent people suffered. In the us, black folks have been victims of various kinds of discrimination. However, this isn't only a problem in unprogressive nations.

Working Adolescents Free Essays

Whether an adolescent should be working during their high school years or not, one cannot be absolute with hiss answer.   These question can be best answered when one looks at its advantages and disadvantages, their workplace, nature of the job and number of hours should also   be considered. I do believe there is a place for it provided that the workplace is owned by the family. We will write a custom essay sample on Working Adolescents or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Exposing an adolescent to the nature of their own business, which in the later he has no choice but to be part of it, is of great advantage.   This is considering that in the early age he will be learning the mechanics, and system of the business which will prepare him for the future. Though the problem would be, being a family member the tendency to over familiarity is unavoidable, and the person can be a subject to exploitation in terms of time, and may also be to mental harassment, through insults and words of impatience, just like in the outside workplace when   in the midst, crisis will arise employers tend to hurl insults.   Tendency to abuses is really existing elsewhere! Inevitably the high school years are crucial to the social and emotional development of both boys and girls.   Although there are benefits one can earn when working while adolescent, such that it provides lessons about responsibility, punctuality, to some degree independence, interacting with the public, and the list goes on, and for sure finances. (Moskowitz, 2000). However, Fineran (2002) reported that a study was conducted and results described adolescents experiencing with sexual harassment while working part time and attending high school.   In a sample of 712 high school students, 25% of the 372 students while working part-time report experiencing sexual harassment. And effects of sexual harassment during a first job showed may also negatively affect a child’s self-esteem, and self confidence, anger, irritability, social isolation helplessness and anxiety, depression, tension, and nervousness (Fitgerald,1933), Gutek and Koss(1993) proposed a posttraumatic stress disorder model for understanding the mental health consequences of sexual harassment. (Moskowitz, 2000) also added that it would also affect the adolescent’s identity formation in addition to placing him or her in physical danger of assault and trauma.   Results revealed that there are difference in the experience of sexual harassment by gender, work relation, and emotional reaction. Fineran (2002) furthermore reported that girls are significantly more upset and threatened by the sexual harassment they experienced at work than boys. The same report mentioned that mental harassment also occurs when they are insulted by their supervisors, coworkers and customers.   Looking to these, both are detrimental to the development of adolescence to adulthood.   A negative impact has somehow embedded in them. In an article entitled Adolescent in the Workplace, stated that indeed working has been shown to be associated with both positive and negative consequences for adolescents. Working may increase responsibility, self-esteem, and independence and may help children and adolescents learn valuable work skills. Employment that is limited in intensity (usually defined as 20 hours or less per week) during high school years has been found to promote postsecondary educational attainment. Many studies show positive links between working during high school and subsequent vocational outcomes, including less unemployment, a longer duration of employment after completing schooling, and higher earnings. However, high-intensity work (usually defined as more than 20 hours per week) is associated with unhealthy and problem behaviors, including substance abuse and minor deviance, insufficient sleep and exercise, and limited time spent with families. Furthermore, children and adolescents may be exposed to many work-related hazards that can result in injury, illness, or death. Their inexperience, as well as physical, cognitive, and emotional developmental characteristics, may also play a part in the risk of injury faced by young workers. Injury may also result from a physical mismatch between the size of the child or adolescent and the task: for example, machinery that was designed for adult males may be too large or heavy for children or adolescents to handle safely. According to NIOSH the most common types of injuries and illness are sprains and strains, cuts and lacerations, contusions and abrasions, heat burns, and fractures and dislocations.   R. Belville, S. H. Pollack, J. H. Godbold and P. J. Landrigan concluded that occupational injuries are substantial and under recognized contributor to the continuing epidemic of injury among adolescent. Besides Rosalie Bakken in her article entitles Ups and Downs mentioned that although it is widely believed that having a job builds character in young people, it can also provide opportunities for youth to learn specific job skills, save money for college, develop trusting and healthy relationships with non-family adults, and experience feelings of reward and intellectual stimulation. But the same studies showed that employment does not necessarily lead to healthy social or moral development. This is especially true when a young person’s very first experience in the work force involves stress, long hours, and menial tasks. Most jobs held by youth do not provide many opportunities for youth to think creatively or to solve challenging problems or make independent decisions. In addition, research has shown that earning an independent income does not mean that youth are learning to use their money wisely. In fact, their personal income may provide working adolescents with greater opportunities to purchase alcohol, drugs or cigarettes. Rosalie Bakken also cited that a notable characteristic of working adolescents is that they move in and out of the labor market, changing jobs and work schedules frequently, in response to changes in employers’ needs, labor market conditions, and circumstances in their own lives. This to some degree makes them very unstable and unstructured, leading to very unorganized life, without routines in schedule and activities.   Looking for another job, to cope with loses financially, has added to the tensions and pressures in schools and even in this area of his life -working as adolescent. Considering that an adolescent needs to do good in his studies and at the same time be working for several hours, in addition to his load in school means a lot of pressure to an adolescent. And may therefore distract him from his studies and his focus will be divided, which is to the advantage both to him, and the teacher who will be relating with him in all his academic requirements. In fact it was also shown that a high level of work during adolescence has been found to be associated with decreased eventual educational attainment. Although on sessions where the teachers discuss on social awareness, the teacher may enjoy interacting with him, considering his exposure in the workplace. For the parents, the fact that they are relieve in some sense in supporting to their adolescence, their sense of dignity as a provider also diminishes, and since the child spends time outside in school added with the time in work lessen their time together.   This is of very great disadvantage, the fact that the child should be learning and be influenced a lot from their parents at this age, instead they got it from the workplace. However, in the midst of working institutions so much abuses and harassment are going on, which I would say not an advantage for an adolescent to work. If working is the only solution that an adolescent can enter and sustain his way to high school, then I believe he should.   Though it really means a lot of difficulties.   When he dares to, as much as possible things should be defined and determine carefully. The determining factors are the type of job an adolescent takes, and the number of hours worked. The job should be meaningful to the teen in some genuine way, and it should not interfere with time needed for schoolwork or family interaction. Teenagers’ needs for adequate nutrition, exercise and rest should not be compromised by a job. (Bakken, 2001) Teens should look for a job that will be challenging, interesting, and that will provide them with opportunities to use the skills they have and learn new ones. The job atmosphere should be supervised by an adult and should allow the adolescent to come into frequent contact with healthy adult role models. (Mortimer et al, 1996) Finally, working adolescents should not also relate with their parents their work experiences, allow the to monitor any changes in their grades, attitudes, or behaviors. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bakken, Rebecca, Ph.D. 2001. Adolescents at Work. From the   Ups and Downs of Adolescents: A Newsletter about and for Young People, Parents and Concerned Adults. http://www.ianr.unl.edu/ianr/fcs/upsdowns/upsaug01.htm How to cite Working Adolescents, Papers

Walt-Mart Ethical Culture Essay Sample free essay sample

Todaies as we live in a planetary economic system. the common cognition of ethical civilization provides identifying characteristic and values for organisational members to acknowledge and go informed. Cultures can be distinguished by artefacts. values. and basic traditions. On the other manus net income maximization harmonizing to ( Jensen 2002: 240 ) . Firm taking inputs out of the economic system and seting its end product of goods and services back into the economic system increases aggregate public assistance if the monetary values at which it sells the goods more than cover the costs it incurs in buying the inputs. As the one of the world’s largest corporation. Wal-Mart Stores. Inc. has had its just portion of examination in the yesteryear and today from many groups which optimism to alter the company’s policies in order to better function the greater good of the community. The intent of this paper is to analyse Wal-Mart ethical civilization. We will write a custom essay sample on Walt-Mart Ethical Culture Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page comparison and contrast on the alterations that they made. Besides elaborate on consumer relationship as it relate to their civilization. In add-on. how Wal-Mart labour force impacted its corporate net incomes overall. so our community. Wal-Mart ethical civilization and corporate net incomes will ever associate to each other whether it positive or negative base on what is most of import to them. Furthermore ; the negative impact of Wal-Mart will neer travel off wholly because of their size entirely and differences of public sentiments. As I conclude my determination. unless consumers are all of a sudden careless about salvaging more than ethical civilization and the right manner to maximise net incomes. concern and inquiries about Wal-Mart are inevitable and will ever go on every bit long as the company exists. IntroductionFor the bulk of people in the United State Wal-Mart is one of the most often visited finishs to shop for food markets and other comfortss. Wal-Mart has become a one halt store where people can perchance purchase about everything they need. Harmonizing to papers posted on ( PBS. ORG. 2004 ) . in 2004 one hundred million Americans store at Wal-Mart shops hebdomadal. I can merely conceive of today that figure since so have been increase due to more enlargement of the company. They have grown from food markets store to supper centre where everything including cosmetics is under one roof. The original thought of Wal-Mart supplying goods and supplies for less money started with Sam Walton back in the early 60’s. In the late fortiess. when Sam Walton was franchising a Ben Franklin’s assortment shop in Newport. Ark. . he had a simple but momentous thought. Like any retail merchant. Walton was ever looking for trades from providers. Typically. though. a retail mercha nt who managed to acquire a deal from a jobber would go forth his shop monetary values unchanged and pocket the excess money. Walton. by contrast. realized he could make better by go throughing on the nest eggs to his clients and gaining his net incomes through volume ( Frank. 2006 ) . Mentions: PBS. ORG. ( 2004. 11 16 ) . Retrieved 02 17. 2013. from Frontline: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. phosphate buffer solution. org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/walmart/secrets/stats. hypertext markup language Frank. T. ( 2006. 04 ) . Reclaim Democracy. Retrieved 02 15. 2013. from reclaimdemocracy. org: hypertext transfer protocol: //reclaimdemocracy. org/brief-history-of-walmart/

Free Cover Letter Sample for Marketing Job

Free Cover Letter Sample for Marketing Job SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The writer of this cover letter works in marketing, so hopefully he's able to market for himself with a strong cover letter! As you'll see below, the applicantuses a list format to presenthis professional skills and draw direct connections with the job's requirements. Read on to see how the applicant describeshis experiences,and then continue on to an analysis of what this sample cover letter does well. Cover Letter Sample for Marketing Manager Position Bran Starkman5 Tree LaneSnowtown, CO 80001 May 1, 2016 Cecily LannisterDirector of MarketingKing Co.10 Landing St.Sunnyvale, CA 94085 Dear Ms. Lannister, I’m writing to express my strong interest in joining King Co.’s team as Marketing Manager, an opportunity I discovered on Monster.com. King Co. takes such an innovative approach to itsmarketing, and I would love to contribute toits progressive vision.With my five years of experience in marketing management, I havethe skills and knowledge to excel in this role. Please allow me to highlight my qualifications as they related to your stated requirements. Your Requirements My Experience Marketing degree, 3 years exp. Obtained my BA in Marketing Communication in 20 and have three years of experience as an SEO Content Marketing Manager Skilled with content strategy development and implementation Developed and executed SEO strategy that achieved top 3 rankings on Google for key product search terms; led team that expanded unique visitors from 10k/month to 2 million/month in one year Social media guru Maintained editorial calendar across social media platforms; oversaw 30% increase in Facebook and Twitter shares; synchronized social media posts with content publication Professional, personable, and passionate 3 years of successful content team management while maintaining strong interpersonal relationships; devoted to fostering open communication and supporting growth of team members I’ve attached my resume to flesh out my professional background as Marketing Manager, along with two letters of recommendation. I’m very excited about this opportunity with King Co. and look forward to speaking with you soon. Please don’t hesitate to contact me at 508-508-5080 or bran.starkman@gmail.com. Thank you for your consideration. Sincerely, Bran Starkman Bran Starkman508-508-5080 bran.starkman@gmail.com Bran says he's skilled with content; did this skill come through in his cover letter? Marketing Manager Cover Letter: The Breakdown Bran took a bullet point approach to his cover letter, using a list to match the position’s stated requirements with his own qualifications in a form that’s sometimes referred to as an executive briefing. Visually, this format makes his letter easy to read and understand. He showed an understanding of the position by explicitly listing its requirements, and he provided specific examples of his professional accomplishments with data. Bran's measured approach seems to work well for the position of marketing manager, which also requires a high degree of organization and the use of metrics to measure impact. Bran’s cover letter hits the four key features described in our cover letter guide - it’s customized to the job at hand, it uses specific examples, it communicates enthusiasm, and it’s highly readable. Bran includes his and the hiring manager's contact information at the top, so presumably he's sending his cover letter as a hard copy or Word document attachment. Hopefully, his cover letterwill land Bran an interview with King Co. Before you check out more cover letter samples, consider the followingimportant note on format. A Note on Format Before addressing the hiring manager, Bran provided a header with his name and contact information at the top of his cover letter. He also added the date and contact details of Ms. Lannister. This kind of formatting is traditional for cover letters, and it still works well if you're sending your letter by hard copy or as a Word attachment. Many jobs, though, expect you to paste your cover letter in the body of an email or in a text box on their application portal. If you're sending your letter this way, then you can usually leave off these headers. They're more applicable if you can format your letter with a certain look. If you're going the plain text body of email or text box approach, then you can just start right in with the salutation. As you finalize the look of your cover letter, consider how you're sending it, along with any application instructions. Then let that method guide your cover letter's final look! What's Next? Are you ready to read another cover letter? Check out this sample cover letter for the job of Editorial Assistant with a publishing company. Would you like tolearn more about cover letters? Our full guide has great tips on writing cover letters, along with five more samples! Are you wondering how to structure your letter? Our cover letter template guides you through the writing process, step by step.

How to Do a Flame Test for Qualitative Analysis

How to Do a Flame Test for Qualitative Analysis The flame test is used to visually determine the identity of an unknown metal or metalloid ion based on the characteristic color the salt turns the flame of a Bunsen burner. The heat of the flame excites the electrons of the metals ions, causing them to emit visible light. Every element has a signature emission spectrum that can be used to differentiate between one element and another. How to Do the Flame Test Classic Wire Loop MethodFirst, you need a clean wire loop. Platinum or nickel-chromium loops are most common. They may be cleaned by dipping in hydrochloric or nitric acid, followed by rinsing with distilled or deionized water. Test the cleanliness of the loop by inserting it into a gas flame. If a burst of color is produced, the loop is not sufficiently clean. The loop must be cleaned between tests. The clean loop is dipped in either a powder or solution of an ionic (metal) salt. The loop with sample is placed in the clear or blue part of the flame and the resulting color is observed. Wooden Splint or Cotton Swab MethodWooden splints or cotton swabs offer an inexpensive alternative to wire loops. To use wooden splints, soak them overnight in distilled water. Pour out the water and rinse the splints with clean water, being careful to avoid contaminating the water with sodium (as from sweat on your hands). Take a damp splint or cotton swab that has been moistened in water, dip it in the sample to be tested, and wave the splint or swab through the flame. Do not hold the sample in the flame as this would cause the splint or swab to ignite. Use a new splint or swab for each test. How to Interpret Flame Test Results The sample is identified by comparing the observed flame color against known values from a table or chart. RedCarmine to Magenta: Lithium compounds. Masked by barium or sodium.Scarlet or Crimson: Strontium compounds. Masked by barium.Red: Rubidium (unfiltered flame)Yellow-Red: Calcium compounds. Masked by barium. YellowGold: IronIntense Yellow: Sodium compounds, even in trace amounts. A yellow flame is not indicative of sodium unless it persists and is not intensified by an  addition of 1% NaCl to the dry compound. WhiteBright White: MagnesiumWhite-Green: Zinc GreenEmerald: Copper compounds, other than halides. Thallium.Bright Green: BoronBlue-Green: Phosphates, when moistened with H2SO4 or B2O3.Faint Green: Antimony and NH4 compounds.Yellow-Green: Barium, manganese(II), molybdenum. BlueAzure: Lead, selenium, bismuth, cesium, copper(I), CuCl2 and other copper compounds moistened with hydrochloric acid, indium, lead.Light Blue: Arsenic and some of its compounds.Greenish Blue: CuBr2, antimony PurpleViolet: Potassium compounds other than borates, phosphates, and silicates. Masked by sodium or lithium.Lilac to Purple-Red: Potassium, rubidium, and/or cesium in the presence of sodium when viewed through a blue glass. Limitations of the Flame Test The test cannot detect low concentrations of most ions.The brightness of the signal varies from one sample to another. For example, the yellow emission from sodium is much brighter than the red emission from the same amount of lithium.Impurities or contaminants affect the test results. Sodium, in particular, is present in most compounds and will color the flame. Sometimes a blue glass is used to filter out the yellow of sodium.The test cannot differentiate between all elements. Several metals produce the same flame color. Some compounds do not change the color of the flame at all. Because of the limitation, the flame test might be used to rule out the identity of an element in a sample, rather than definitively identify it. Other analytical procedures should be conducted in addition to this test. Flame Test Colors This table lists the expected colors for elements in the flame test. Obviously, the names of the colors are subjective, so the best way to learn to recognize close-colored elements is to test known solutions so you know what to expect. Symbol Element Color As Arsenic Blue B Boron Bright green Ba Barium Pale/Yellowish Green Ca Calcium Orange to red Cs Cesium Blue Cu(I Copper(I) Blue Cu(II) Copper(II) non-halide Green Cu(II) Copper(II) halide Blue-green Fe Iron Gold In Indium Blue K Potassium Lilac to red Li Lithium Magenta to carmine Mg Magnesium Bright white Mn(II) Manganese(II) Yellowish green Mo Molybdenum Yellowish green Na Sodium Intense yellow P Phosphorus Pale bluish green Pb Lead Blue Rb Rubidium Red to purple-red Sb Antimony Pale green Se Selenium Azure blue Sr Strontium Crimson Te Tellurium Pale green Tl Thallium Pure green Zn Zinc Bluish green to whitish green Source Langes Handbook of Chemistry, 8th Edition, Handbook Publishers Inc., 1952.

The Role of Geoprofiling in the Analysis of Crime Series Annotated Bibliography

The Role of Geoprofiling in the Analysis of Crime Series - Annotated Bibliography Example In this book Boba has tried to explain the use of crime mapping in crime analysis. It offers a great deal of information regarding the integration of geospatial techniques into criminal investigations. Further, this nook offers methods for using different crime mapping methods for analyzing criminal activities. Crime mapping case studies: Practice and Research is written by Chainey, S. The book offers various methodologies used for crime mapping. Further it offers an approach to bring crime mapping into practice, along with new directions in this field of study. This book elaborates the present trends in crime mapping research. The book offers numerous case studies that help the readers in understanding the basics of crime mapping and its use in the real life. Chainey and Ratcliff has combined the theoretical principles, analytical techniques from geographic information system, methods for processing data sets, measures for sharing information, problem solving, and lots of other related topics. This book offers case studies and real life examples to elaborate and explain the integration geographic information system and crime mapping. This book is useful for the students as well as for the professionals. It can be used as a reference guide for solving problems associated with crime mapping. The growth of science and technology has made information security a great concer. Organizations need to obtain fool proof information security systems in order to prevent it from being lost or being accessed by unauthorized user. Authentication and retrieval of information requires efficient system that ease out the access to the information sources for the authorized users, yet it prevents interruption from third party. Companies spend a great deal of their assets in preserving their information, because loosing information is equal to the death of the company. This is an interview/ article by Marc Goodman,